First Report of the Joint Exposure to Glyphosate and Glufosinate of a Male Population in the Province of Córdoba (Argentina).

Despite potential health implications, data on the presence of Glyphosate (GLY) and other non-GLY herbicides in human matrices remain scarce. This study aimed to develop a simple and cost-effective methodology for detecting and quantifying GLY, its primary biodegradation product; aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA); and glufosinate (GLU) in plasma and urine of environmentally and occupationally exposed populations from the province of Córdoba (Argentina). Different alternatives of pre-treatment, derivatization with FMOC-Cl, solid phase extraction, and final sample conditioning steps were evaluated to improve the quantification of the herbicides by a high-performance liquid chromatography system coupled to a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer. Recoveries ranged from 39 to 84% in both matrices, while limits of quantification were 3, 1, and 0.3 ng/mL and 3.6, 5.1, and 0.3 ng/mL for AMPA, GLY, and GLU in plasma and urine, respectively. In plasma samples, GLY was the most frequently detected analyte (32%), followed by GLU (10%). In urine samples, GLU was the most frequently detected herbicide (13%), followed by GLY (6%). No differences between group or matrix correlations were found. This study is the first report of GLU in human biological matrices and should be used to establish baseline values for future surveillance systems.

Health Effects of Pesticide Exposure in Latin American and the Caribbean Populations: A Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: Multiple epidemiological studies have shown that exposure to pesticides is associated with adverse health outcomes. However, the literature on pesticide-related health effects in the Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) region, an area of intensive agricultural and residential pesticide use, is sparse. We conducted a scoping review to describe the current state of research on the health effects of pesticide exposure in LAC populations with the goal of identifying knowledge gaps and research capacity building needs. METHODS: We searched PubMed and SciELO for epidemiological studies on pesticide exposure and human health in LAC populations published between January 2007 and December 2021. We identified 233 publications from 16 countries that met our inclusion criteria and grouped them by health outcome (genotoxicity, neurobehavioral outcomes, placental outcomes and teratogenicity, cancer, thyroid function, reproductive outcomes, birth outcomes and child growth, and others). RESULTS: Most published studies were conducted in Brazil (37%, n=88) and Mexico (20%, n=46), were cross-sectional in design (72%, n=167), and focused on farmworkers (45%, n=105) or children (21%, n=48). The most frequently studied health effects included genotoxicity (24%, n=62) and neurobehavioral outcomes (21%, n=54), and organophosphate (OP) pesticides were the most frequently examined (26%, n=81). Forty-seven percent (n=112) of the studies relied only on indirect pesticide exposure assessment methods. Exposure to OP pesticides, carbamates, or to multiple pesticide classes was consistently associated with markers of genotoxicity and adverse neurobehavioral outcomes, particularly among children and farmworkers. DISCUSSION: Our scoping review provides some evidence that exposure to pesticides may adversely impact the health of LAC populations, but methodological limitations and inconsistencies undermine the strength of the conclusions. It is critical to increase capacity building, integrate research initiatives, and conduct more rigorous epidemiological studies in the region to address these limitations, better inform public health surveillance systems, and maximize the impact of research on public policies. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9934.

Validation of exposure indexes to pesticides through the analysis of exposure and effect biomarkers in ground pesticide applicators from Argentina.

The characterization of the population exposed to pesticides and the use of effective biomarkers to evaluate potential health effects are determinant to identify vulnerable groups, understanding the causality of diverse pathologies and propose prevention policies. This is particularly important in countries where intensive agricultural practices had an explosive expansion in last decades. The aim of this study was assessing the usefulness of two exposure indexes questionnaire-based: Intensity Level of the pesticide Exposure (ILE) and Cumulative Exposure Index (CEI) and their scales, in terrestrial applicators of pesticide from the Province of Córdoba (Argentina). The analysis was performed contrasting ILE and CEI results with perceived symptomatology, in addition to effect and exposure biomarkers. A cross-sectional study was designed to compare pesticides body burdens and effect biomarkers between subjects occupationally (OE) and non-occupationally exposed (NOE) to pesticides. Prevalence of perceived symptomatology and genotoxicity damage was higher in the OE group. The exposure condition was the only variable explaining these differences. Significant associations were found between CEI and neurologic symptomatology (p < 0.05) and between ILE and plasmatic cholinesterase (p < 0.1). However, residues of HCB, ß-HCH, α-endosulfan, pp'DDE, endrin, ß-endosulfan, pp'DDT, endosulfan sulfate and mirex were found in blood samples from both groups. To our knowledge, this is the first report on pesticides body burdens in occupational exposure settings in Argentina. So far, our current results indicate that the occupational condition affects the health of the workers. Significant associations found between symptomatology and biomarkers with scales of CEI and ILE suggest their usefulness to verify different levels of exposure. Further research is necessary to propose these indexes as an affordable tool for occupational health surveillance in areas with difficult access to health care centres.

Pilot study of exposure of the male population to organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides in a region of high agricultural activity (Córdoba, Argentina).

Urinary metabolites of organophosphate (OP) and pyrethroid (PYR) pesticides and biomarkers of effects were studied in a population (n=40) residing in an important agricultural area of the province of Córdoba (Argentina). Detection frequencies (DF) higher than 85% were observed for the metabolites of pirimiphos (2-diethylamino-6-methylpyrimidin-4-ol -DEAMPY-, median 7.5 µg/g creatinine, DF: 100%), parathion (p-nitrophenol, 0.99 µg/g creatinine, 100%), and chlorpyrifos (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, 0.25 µg/g creatinine, 85%). The DEAMPY concentrations doubled the levels found in other studies and were negatively associated with Er-AChE activity, suggesting the appearance of health effects already in environmental exposure levels below established acceptable daily intakes (ADIs). 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid, the metabolite of several PYR pesticides, was also found in all samples. This metabolite was also significantly negatively correlated with Er-AChE, indicating effects of pyrethroid pesticides on the acetylcholine system even at concentrations below the ADI.

On the photophysics of electrochemically generated silver nanoclusters: spectroscopic and theoretical characterization.

Ligand-free atomic silver nanoclusters (AgNCs) were successfully synthesized following the electrochemical procedure developed by Lopez-Quintela and col. (D. Buceta, N. Busto, G. Barone, J. M. Leal, F. Domínguez, L. J. Giovanetti, F. G. Requejo, B. García and M. A. López-Quintela, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2015, 54, 7612-7616), who have identified the presence of Ag2 and Ag3 AgNCs. The goal of this work was to get information on the photophysics of these AgNCs, which was achieved by combining information from excitation/emission matrix (EEM) and time resolved emission spectroscopy (TRES) along with DFT/TD-DFT calculations. This procedure allowed deconvolving the emission and excitation spectra of the AgNC mixture, with further assignment of each transition and lifetime associated to Ag2, Ag3+ and Ag42+ clusters. This deconvolution together with theoretical calculations allowed suggesting for the first time the radiative and non-radiative excited state deactivation mechanism for these clusters.

Biomonitoreo en exposición a plaguicidas y su aporte en vigilancia epidemiológica en agroaplicadores en Córdoba, Argentina / Biomonitoring in exposure to pesticides, its contribution to epidemiological surveillance of pesticide applicators in Cordoba, Argentina

Objetivo: Evaluar el nivel de exposición a plaguicidas y su correlación con indicadores de salud percibida y biomarcadores de daño (alteraciones genotóxicas y de actividad enzimática de la butirilcolinesterasa), en la población de agroaplicadores de cultivos extensivos (ACE) de la Provincia de Córdoba, Argentina. Método: Estudio transversal, en ACE (n = 47) seleccionados aleatoriamente de una muestra de 2000, y sujetos no expuestos controles (n = 52). Se relevaron variables sociodemográficas, condicionantes de exposición y de salud percibida, mediante cuestionario autoadministrado; indicadores biológicos de genotoxicidad: micronúcleos, aberraciones cromosómicas y ensayo cometa, y actividad de butirilcolinesterasa. Resultados: El 40% de los ACE tiene una antigüedad mayor de 10 años y casi el 50% reside a menos de 500 m de campos asperjados; reportan bajas tasas de uso de equipo de protección personal durante la mezcla, aplicación o reparación de equipos. Los síntomas generales, cardiorrespiratorios y dermatológicos fueron mayores entre los ACE (p <0,05), así como los indicadores de daño genotóxico (p <0,001). La actividad butirilcolinesterasa se asoció negativamente a niveles de exposición a plaguicidas. Conclusiones: Los ACE presentan un importante impacto negativo en la salud vinculado a la exposición a plaguicidas. Las escalas de exposición asociadas al uso de biomarcadores resultaron una herramienta útil para la vigilancia de la salud de los agroaplicadores

Objective: To assess the level of exposure to pesticides and its correlation with perceived health indicators and injury biomarkers (genotoxic alterations and those caused by butyrylcholinesterase enzyme activity) in the population of pesticide applicators in extensive crops (PAEC) in Córdoba, Argentina. Methods: Transversal study, in PAEC (n = 47) randomly selected from a sample of 2000, and non-exposed subject controls (n = 52). The sociodemographic variables, exposure conditioning, and perceived health were surveyed by means of a self-administered questionnaire; biological indicators of genotoxicity: micronuclei, chromosomal aberrations and kite assay, and butyrylcholinesterase activity. Results: 40% of PAEC have over 10 years' length of service and almost 50% of them reside less than 500 m from the sprinkled fields; they report low rates of personal protective equipment use while mixing, applying, or repairing the equipment. General, cardio-respiratory, and dermatological symptoms were greater among PAEC (p <0.05) as well as indicators of genotoxic injury (p <0.001). The butyrylcholinesterase activity was negatively associated with levels of exposure to pesticides. Conclusions: The PAEC show an important negative impact on health linked to exposure to pesticides. The exposure scales associated to the use of biomarkers were a useful tool for monitoring pesticide applicators' health

[Biomonitoring in exposure to pesticides, its contribution to epidemiological surveillance of pesticide applicators in Cordoba, Argentina]. / Biomonitoreo en exposición a plaguicidas y su aporte en vigilancia epidemiológica en agroaplicadores en Córdoba, Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the level of exposure to pesticides and its correlation with perceived health indicators and injury biomarkers (genotoxic alterations and those caused by butyrylcholinesterase enzyme activity) in the population of pesticide applicators in extensive crops (PAEC) in Córdoba, Argentina. METHODS: Transversal study, in PAEC (n = 47) randomly selected from a sample of 2000, and non-exposed subject controls (n = 52). The sociodemographic variables, exposure conditioning, and perceived health were surveyed by means of a self-administered questionnaire; biological indicators of genotoxicity: micronuclei, chromosomal aberrations and kite assay, and butyrylcholinesterase activity. RESULTS: 40% of PAEC have over 10 years' length of service and almost 50% of them reside less than 500 m from the sprinkled fields; they report low rates of personal protective equipment use while mixing, applying, or repairing the equipment. General, cardio-respiratory, and dermatological symptoms were greater among PAEC (p <0.05) as well as indicators of genotoxic injury (p <0.001). The butyrylcholinesterase activity was negatively associated with levels of exposure to pesticides. CONCLUSIONS: The PAEC show an important negative impact on health linked to exposure to pesticides. The exposure scales associated to the use of biomarkers were a useful tool for monitoring pesticide applicators' health.

Vulnerabilidad y Riesgo por Plaguicidas en Horticultura del Cinturón Verde en Córdoba, Argentina / Vulnerability and risk resulting from pesticides in horticulture in the greenbelt of Cordoba, Argentina / Vulnerabilidade e risco por pesticidas em horticultura do cinturão verde em Córdoba, Argentina

Resumen El Cinturón Verde de la Ciudad de Córdoba (CVCC) en Argentina está marcado por la reproducción de relaciones desiguales, la informalidad y débil institucionalidad para la regulación de la exposición laboral a plaguicidas. Objetivo: visibilizar situaciones de vulnerabilidad y riesgo como construcción social-material, que afecta a quienes trabajan en unidades productivas hortícolas del CVCC, asociadas a condiciones de vida y trabajo. Métodología: Estudio epidemiológico descriptivo correlacional. Se conformó una muestra de 101 trabajadores / productores, con un nivel de confianza del 95%. Se obtuvo información mediante encuesta, indagando aspectos sociodemográficos, condiciones de vida, prácticas laborales, cultivos, estilos de vida y condiciones de salud del productor / trabajador y su familia. Se calcularon estadísticas descriptivas, se usóxi 2como test de hipótesis y análisis factorial de correspondencias múltiples. Resultados: Encontramos diferencias en la situación de vulnerabilidad y riesgo en grupos de propietarios, arrendatario-medieros. En el primero se objetiva el riesgo vinculado a la falta de cuidados al usar plaguicidas; en el segundo se configuran situaciones de vulnerabilidad asociadas a la reproducción de relaciones desiguales. La comprensión de la vulnerabilidad y el riesgo desde la condición laboral, permite precisar aspectos de la exposición a plaguicidas a ser contemplados en programas de salud.

Abstract The Greenbelt of the City of Cordoba (CVCC) (in Spanish, Cinturón Verde de la Ciudad de Córdoba) in Argentina is characterized by the reproduction of unequal relations, informality and weak government institutions to regulate on-the-job exposure to pesticides. Objective: This study intends to visualize vulnerability and risk situations as a social- material construction which affects people working in productive horticulture units in the CVCC associated with living and working conditions. Methodology: This is a correlational descriptive epidemiological study, and 101 workers/producers were part of the sample with a 95% level of confidence. Information was collected using surveys asking about sociodemographic aspects, life, work practices, crops, lifestyles and healthcare conditions of workers/producers and their families. Descriptive statistics were calculated using Pearson's Xi2 test as a hypothesis test and a multiple correspondence factor analysis. Results: we found differences regarding vulnerability and risks in an owners' group, and a tenants-sharecroppers' group. In the first group, the objective is a risk related to a lack of caution when using pesticides, and in the second group, situations of vulnerability related to a reproduction of unequal relations. Understanding vulnerability and risk from a working condition allows a specification of aspects regarding exposure to pesticides which must be contemplated in healthcare programs.

Resumo O Cinturão Verde da Cidade de Córdoba (CVCC) na Argentina está marcado pela reprodução de relações desiguais, pela informalidade e pela fraca institucionalidade para regulamentar a exposição laboral a pesticidas. Objetivo: visibilizar situações de vulnerabilidade e risco como construção social-material que afeta às pessoas que trabalham em unidades produtivas hortícolas do CVCC, associadas a condições de vida e de trabalho. Metodologia: estudo epidemiológico descritivo correlacional. Conformou-se uma amostra de 101 trabalhadores / produtores, com nível de confiança de 95%. Obteve-se informação através de enquete, pesquisando aspetos sócio-demográficos, condições de vida, práticas laborais, culturas, estilos de vida e condições de saúde do produtor / trabalhador e da sua família. Calcularam-se estatísticas descritivas, usou-se xi2 como teste de hipóteses e análises fatorial de correspondências múltiplas. Resultados: encontramos diferencias na situação de vulnerabilidade e risco em grupos de proprietários, arrendador-agricultor. No primeiro grupo, objetiva-se o risco relacionado com a falência de cuidados no uso de pesticidas; no segundo grupo, configuram-se situações de vulnerabilidade associadas à reprodução de relações desiguais. A compreensão da vulnerabilidade e do risco da condição de trabalho permite determinar aspetos de exposição a pesticidas que devem ser levados em conta nos programas de saúde.

Occupational risks associated with the use of pesticides in the green belt of Córdoba, Argentina / Riesgos ocupacionales asociados al uso de plaguicidas en el cinturón verde de Córdoba, Argentina

Horticulture is an activity with high occupational risk and few studies have addressed this problem in Argentina. We studied groups of horticultural workers in the Green Belt of Córdoba City (GBCC) (Argentina) and identified some determinants of occupational accidents caused by the use of pesticides. An observational study was conducted, examining demographic, productive and labor issues in 101 workers. A Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) enabled distribution and covariance patterns to be visualized and typologies of individuals to be established. Logistic regression models were used to identify occupational accidents with pesticides. The MCA identified the more vulnerable groups: those using backpacks to apply pesticides, those who sprayed a great variety of pesticides, those working in small production units, and those living in their place of work. Accidents caused by the use of pesticides were associated with subjects who handle a large number of pesticides and work in small establishments. Determining factors for the occurrence of accidents were found to be higher levels of education (OR 4.23; p = 0.046), the greater number of pesticides used (OR 5.44; p=0.013) and lower PPE level (OR 4.92; p= 0.021). This characterization identifies features of vulnerability to pesticide exposure in certain groups of horticulturists as well as determinants of accidents with pesticides.

La horticultura constituye una actividad de elevado riesgo ocupacional y en Argentina son escasos los estudios que aborden esa problemática. Se identificaron grupos de trabajadores agrícolas en el cinturón hortícola de Córdoba (Argentina) y algunos condicionantes de accidentes laborales con estos productos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional descriptivo mediante encuestas a 101 horticultores indagando aspectos sociodemográficos, productivos y laborales. Un Análisis Factorial de Correspondencias Múltiples (AFCM) permitió visualizar la distribución y covariación de modalidades y establecer tipologías de individuos. La identificación de los accidentes laborales con plaguicidas se llevó a cabo mediante modelos de regresión logística. El AFCM identificó grupos considerados como vulnerables y dados por sujetos que utilizan mochila para aplicar los plaguicidas, aplican una gran variedad de ellos, trabajan en pequeñas unidades de producción y viven en donde trabajan. Asimismo, los accidentes causados por el uso de plaguicidas se asociaron a sujetos que manipulan mayor número de plaguicidas y trabajan en pequeños establecimientos. Como factores condicionantes de la ocurrencia de accidentes se encontró al mayor nivel de escolaridad (OR 4,23 p=0,046), al mayor número de plaguicidas utilizados (OR 5,44; p=0,013) y al bajo nivel de protección personal (OR 4,92; p=0,021). Esta caracterización identifica atributos de vulnerabilidad frente a la exposición a plaguicidas en determinados grupos de horticultores así como también los condicionantes de accidentes laborales con plaguicidas.

Registro prospectivo de estrategias diagnósticas implementadas para tromboembolia venosa en servicios de medicina intensiva de Santa Fe / Prospective Registry of Diagnostic Strategies Applied on Venous Thromboembolism in Intensive Care Units of Santa Fe

Introducción La tromboembolia venosa es una enfermedad frecuente con una morbimortalidad elevada, que puede reducirse en forma drástica cuando la condición se reconoce y trata precozmente. Su diagnóstico tropieza con dos dificultades: la baja sospecha clínica y la complejidad de los recursos técnicos requeridos no siempre disponibles, lo que dificulta la aplicación de los algoritmos propuestos en las guías. Objetivos Evaluar las estrategias diagnósticas en los servicios de cuidados intensivos de la ciudad de Santa Fe ante la sospecha de tromboembolia venosa, identificar si se utiliza algún algoritmo diagnóstico y el grado de incertidumbre diagnóstica final. Material y métodos Se convocó a todos los servicios de cuidados intensivos para adultos de la ciudad de Santa Fe para la elaboración de un registro prospectivo, multicéntrico y observacional con el reclutamiento de los pacientes internados con sospecha de tromboembolia venosa [(trombosis venosa profunda (TVP) y/o tromboembolia pulmonar (TEP)]. Resultados En un período de 3 meses y medio se internaron 3.042 pacientes en los 19 servicios de cuidados intensivos de la ciudad. Se sospechó tromboembolia venosa en 83 pacientes (50 TEP, 10 TVP y 23 TEP + TVP). El diagnóstico se confirmó en 25 (30,1%), se descartó en 33 (39,8%) y permaneció incierto en 25 (30,1%). La incertidumbre diagnóstica final fue del 25,7% en los servicios privados y del 66,6% en los públicos. La tasa de sospecha fue del 2,7% (rango 0,9% a 8,8%). No hubo empleo sistemático de guías clínicas ni de consensos conocidos. Conclusiones Este registro mostró un índice de sospecha global bajo para tromboembolia venosa, no se utilizaron los algoritmos diagnósticos propuestos en guías y consensos y el diagnóstico per­maneció incierto en el 30,1%.

Introduction Venous thromboembolism is a common disease with high morbidity and mortality which can be reduced drastically with early diagnosis and treatment. The diagnosis of venous thromboembolism faces two difficulties: the low clinical suspicion and the complexity of the technical resources required which are not always available, making it difficult to apply the algorithms recommended by the guidelines. Objectives The evaluate the diagnostic strategies used by the intensive care units in the city of Santa Fe when venous thromboembolism suspected, and to identify if any diagnostic algorithm is applied and the degree of final uncertain diagnosis. Methods A prospective multicenter and observational registry of patients hospitalized with suspicion of venous thromboembolism [(deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and/or pulmonary embolism (PE)] was elaborated by all the adult intensive care units. Results Over a three and a half-month period, 3042 patients were hospitalized in the 19 intensive care units of the city. Venous thromboembolism was suspected in 83 patients (50 PE, 10 DVT and 23 PE + DVT). The diagnosis was confirmed in 25 (30.1%), was ruled out in 33 (39.8%) and remained uncertain in 25 (30.1%). The final uncertain diagnosis was 25.7% in private centers and 66.6% in public hospitals. The index of suspicion was 2.7% (range 0.9% to 8.8%). The algorithms recommended by guidelines were not systematically used. Conclusions This registry showed a low global index of suspicion for venous thromboembolism, the algorithms recommended by guidelines were not used and the final uncertain diagnosis was 30.1%.

Registro prospectivo de estrategias diagnósticas implementadas para tromboembolia venosa en servicios de medicina intensiva de Santa Fe / Prospective Registry of Diagnostic Strategies Applied on Venous Thromboembolism in Intensive Care Units of Santa Fe

Introducción La tromboembolia venosa es una enfermedad frecuente con una morbimortalidad elevada, que puede reducirse en forma drástica cuando la condición se reconoce y trata precozmente. Su diagnóstico tropieza con dos dificultades: la baja sospecha clínica y la complejidad de los recursos técnicos requeridos no siempre disponibles, lo que dificulta la aplicación de los algoritmos propuestos en las guías. Objetivos Evaluar las estrategias diagnósticas en los servicios de cuidados intensivos de la ciudad de Santa Fe ante la sospecha de tromboembolia venosa, identificar si se utiliza algún algoritmo diagnóstico y el grado de incertidumbre diagnóstica final. Material y métodos Se convocó a todos los servicios de cuidados intensivos para adultos de la ciudad de Santa Fe para la elaboración de un registro prospectivo, multicéntrico y observacional con el reclutamiento de los pacientes internados con sospecha de tromboembolia venosa [(trombosis venosa profunda (TVP) y/o tromboembolia pulmonar (TEP)]. Resultados En un período de 3 meses y medio se internaron 3.042 pacientes en los 19 servicios de cuidados intensivos de la ciudad. Se sospechó tromboembolia venosa en 83 pacientes (50 TEP, 10 TVP y 23 TEP + TVP). El diagnóstico se confirmó en 25 (30,1%), se descartó en 33 (39,8%) y permaneció incierto en 25 (30,1%). La incertidumbre diagnóstica final fue del 25,7% en los servicios privados y del 66,6% en los públicos. La tasa de sospecha fue del 2,7% (rango 0,9% a 8,8%). No hubo empleo sistemático de guías clínicas ni de consensos conocidos. Conclusiones Este registro mostró un índice de sospecha global bajo para tromboembolia venosa, no se utilizaron los algoritmos diagnósticos propuestos en guías y consensos y el diagnóstico per¡maneció incierto en el 30,1%.(AU)

Introduction Venous thromboembolism is a common disease with high morbidity and mortality which can be reduced drastically with early diagnosis and treatment. The diagnosis of venous thromboembolism faces two difficulties: the low clinical suspicion and the complexity of the technical resources required which are not always available, making it difficult to apply the algorithms recommended by the guidelines. Objectives The evaluate the diagnostic strategies used by the intensive care units in the city of Santa Fe when venous thromboembolism suspected, and to identify if any diagnostic algorithm is applied and the degree of final uncertain diagnosis. Methods A prospective multicenter and observational registry of patients hospitalized with suspicion of venous thromboembolism [(deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and/or pulmonary embolism (PE)] was elaborated by all the adult intensive care units. Results Over a three and a half-month period, 3042 patients were hospitalized in the 19 intensive care units of the city. Venous thromboembolism was suspected in 83 patients (50 PE, 10 DVT and 23 PE + DVT). The diagnosis was confirmed in 25 (30.1%), was ruled out in 33 (39.8%) and remained uncertain in 25 (30.1%). The final uncertain diagnosis was 25.7% in private centers and 66.6% in public hospitals. The index of suspicion was 2.7% (range 0.9% to 8.8%). The algorithms recommended by guidelines were not systematically used. Conclusions This registry showed a low global index of suspicion for venous thromboembolism, the algorithms recommended by guidelines were not used and the final uncertain diagnosis was 30.1%.(AU)